Glass in which the flux is boric oxide instead of alkali. The first %%borosilicate glass%% was created by Otto Schott in 1882. It has a low coefficient of expansion and therefore withstands sudden changes of temperature.

(1) The process of founding or melting the batch; (2) heating pieces of glass in a kiln or furnace until they bond (see Casting and Kiln forming); (3) heating enameled glasses until the enamel bonds with the surface of the object.

A type of borosilicate glass perfected in 1915 by W. C. Taylor and Eugene Sullivan of Corning Glass Works in Corning, New York. Pyrex rods can be used in flameworking.

A layer of glass that covers a layer of a different color, often as the result of casing or flashing.

The removal of glass from the surface of an object by means of hand-held tools or sandblasting.

The technique whereby glass is removed from the surface of an object by grinding it with rotating wheels made of stone, wood, and cork. The first stage of the process employs a stone wheel under a continuous stream of water. Later, wheels of fine-grained stone and wood, fed with various abrasives, are used to grind and polish the surface.

A small, heavy object designed to hold down loose papers. The first glass paperweights were made in the early 1840s in Venice and France, and their manufacture spread rapidly to other parts of Europe and the United States. Glass paperweights ceased to be fashionable in the early 20th century, but the craft of making them revived in the 1950s.

Quartz (chemically pure silicon dioxide), which is usually colorless. From earliest times, glassmakers sought to imitate it.

A popular term for colorless lead glass, which has a high refractive index and consequently is particularly brilliant. In the United Kingdom, glass described as crystal must contain a defined percentage of lead oxide. Today, the word is often used to describe any fine glass tableware.

An ancient Roman vessel decorated by undercutting so that the surface decoration stands free of the body of the glass, supported by struts. The vessel appears, therefore, to be enclosed in an openwork cage. Cage cups are sometimes known as diatreta or vasa diatreta.

The generic name for a wide variety of techniques used to form glass in a mold.

An oven used to process a substance by burning, drying, or heating. In contemporary glassworking, kilns are used to fuse enamel and for kiln-forming processes such as slumping.